The recent floods in Punjab and Himachal Pradesh highlight the increasing vulnerability of Indian states to climate-induced disasters. Discuss the role of early warning systems and community-based disaster preparedness in reducing flood risks.
Evaluate the institutional mechanisms of disaster management in India with reference to the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA). How can coordination between Centre and States be strengthened during flood emergencies?
'Disaster management in India is shifting from a relief-centric approach to a mitigation and resilience-oriented framework.' Critically analyze in the context of recent floods in North India.